1,040 research outputs found
Supersonic turbulence in 3D isothermal flow collision
Colliding supersonic bulk flows shape observable properties and internal
physics of various astrophysical objects, like O-star winds, molecular clouds,
galactic sheets, binaries, or gamma-ray bursts. Using numerical simulations, we
show that the bulk flows leave a clear imprint on the collision zone, its mean
properties and the turbulence it naturally develops. Our model setup consists
of 3D head-on colliding isothermal hydrodynamical flows with Mach numbers
between 2 and 43. Simulation results are in line with expectations from
self-similarity: root mean square Mach numbers (Mrms) scale linearly with
upstream Mach numbers, mean densities remain limited to a few times the
upstream density. The density PDF is not log-normal. The turbulence is
inhomogeneous: weaker in the zone center than close to the confining shocks. It
is anisotropic: while Mrms is generally supersonic, Mrms transverse to the
upstream flow is always subsonic. We argue that uniform, isothermal, head-on
colliding flows generally disfavor isotropic, supersonic turbulence. The
anisotropy carries over to other quantities like the density variance - Mach
number relation. Structure functions differ depending on whether they are
computed along a line-of-sight perpendicular or parallel to the upstream flow.
We suggest that such line-of-sight effects should be kept in mind when
interpreting turbulence characteristics derived from observations.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, accepted by Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Properties of Cosmological Filaments extracted from Eulerian Simulations
Using a new parallel algorithm implemented within the VisIt framework, we
analysed large cosmological grid simulations to study the properties of baryons
in filaments. The procedure allows us to build large catalogues with up to
filaments per simulated volume and to investigate the
properties of cosmic filaments for very large volumes at high resolution (up to
simulated with cells). We determined scaling
relations for the mass, volume, length and temperature of filaments and
compared them to those of galaxy clusters. The longest filaments have a total
length of about with a mass of several . We
also investigated the effects of different gas physics. Radiative cooling
significantly modifies the thermal properties of the warm-hot-intergalactic
medium of filaments, mainly by lowering their mean temperature via line
cooling. On the other hand, powerful feedback from active galactic nuclei in
surrounding halos can heat up the gas in filaments. The impact of
shock-accelerated cosmic rays from diffusive shock acceleration on filaments is
small and the ratio of between cosmic ray and gas pressure within filaments is
of the order of percent.Comment: 27 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Society Main Journa
Megamodelling and Etymology
Is a model of a model, a metamodel? Is the relational model a metamodel? Is it a model? What is a component metamodel? Is it a model of a component model? The word MODEL is subject to a lot of debates in Model Driven Engineering. Add the notion of metamodel on top of it and you will just enter what some people call the Meta-muddle. Recently megamodels have been proposed to avoid the meta-muddle. This approach is very promising but it does not solve however the primary problem. That is, even a simple use of the word Model could lead to misunderstanding and confusion.
This paper tackles this problem from its very source: the polysemic nature of the word MODEL. The evolution and semantic variations of the word MODEL are modelled from many different perspectives.
This papers tells how the prefix MED in indo-european has lead, five millenniums after, to the acronym MDE, and this via the word MODEL. Based on an extensive study of encyclopedias, dictionaries, thesauri, and etymological sources, it is shown that the many senses of the word MODEL
can be clustered into four groups, namely model-as-representation, model-as-example, model-as-type, and model-as-mold. All these groups are fundamental to understand the real nature of Model Driven Engineering. Megamodels and Etymology are indeed keys to avoid the Meta-muddle.on
Real 3D-packaging: a breakthrough for high power electronics for automotive applications
Power electronics stands at the crossroad of highly convoluted disciplines of physics: thermal science, mechanics and electronics. In order to respond to the growing and demanding automotive market, designers have no choice but to assemble off-the-shelf parts, keeping the onus of managing themselves thermal losses and stray inductances at interfaces. Power mechatronics is the buzz word for this. It has for long envisioned double-sided cooling and wire-bondless interconnections as ways to go. Merging those impediments and opportunities into a global solution, aPSI3D has developed an integrated approach for multi-physical co-design with its customers, offering both plug-in cooled power modules and maximum value transfer to the inverter. Eventually, a 50 power module with imbedded cold plate size reduction for a 100kW inverter is obtained vs. state-of-the art pin fin standard products. With a 10nH stray inductance, this solution is paving the way to more than 100A wide bandgap semiconductor die based highly efficient power modules
Relativistic magnetic reconnection in collisionless ion-electron plasmas explored with particle-in-cell simulations
Magnetic reconnection is a leading mechanism for magnetic energy conversion
and high-energy non-thermal particle production in a variety of high-energy
astrophysical objects, including ones with relativistic ion-electron plasmas
(e.g., microquasars or AGNs) - a regime where first principle studies are
scarce. We present 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of low
ion-electron plasmas under relativistic conditions, i.e., with inflow magnetic
energy exceeding the plasma rest-mass energy. We identify outstanding
properties: (i) For relativistic inflow magnetizations (here ), the reconnection outflows are dominated by thermal agitation instead of
bulk kinetic energy. (ii) At large inflow electron magnetization (), the reconnection electric field is sustained more by bulk inertia than by
thermal inertia. It challenges the thermal-inertia-paradigm and its
implications. (iii) The inflows feature sharp transitions at the entrance of
the diffusion zones. These are not shocks but results from particle ballistic
motions, all bouncing at the same location, provided that the thermal velocity
in the inflow is far smaller than the inflow E cross B bulk velocity. (iv)
Island centers are magnetically isolated from the rest of the flow, and can
present a density depletion at their center. (v) The reconnection rates are
slightly larger than in non-relativistic studies. They are best normalized by
the inflow relativistic Alfv\'en speed projected in the outflow direction,
which then leads to rates in a close range (0.14-0.25) thus allowing for an
easy estimation of the reconnection electric field.Comment: Submitted to A&
The energetics of relativistic magnetic reconnection: ion-electron repartition and particle distribution hardness
Collisionless magnetic reconnection is a prime candidate to account for
flare-like or steady emission, outflow launching, or plasma heating, in a
variety of high-energy astrophysical objects, including ones with relativistic
ion-electron plasmas. But the fate of the initial magnetic energy in a
reconnection event remains poorly known: what is the amount given to kinetic
energy, the ion/electron repartition, and the hardness of the particle
distributions? We explore these questions with 2D particle-in-cell simulations
of ion-electron plasmas. We find that 45 to 75% of the total initial magnetic
energy ends up in kinetic energy, this fraction increasing with the inflow
magnetization. Depending on the guide field strength, ions get from 30 to 60%
of the total kinetic energy. Particles can be separated into two populations
that only weakly mix: (i) particles initially in the current sheet, heated by
its initial tearing and subsequent contraction of the islands; and (ii)
particles from the background plasma that primarily gain energy via the
reconnection electric field when passing near the X-point. Particles (ii) tend
to form a power-law with an index , that
depends mostly on the inflow Alfv\'en speed and magnetization
of species , with for electrons to for increasing .
The highest particle Lorentz factor, for ions or electrons, increases roughly
linearly with time for all the relativistic simulations. This is faster, and
the spectra can be harder, than for collisionless shock acceleration. We
discuss applications to microquasar and AGN coronae, to extragalactic jets, and
to radio lobes. We point out situations where effects such as Compton drag or
pair creation are important.Comment: 15 pages, submitted to A&
Intégration des élÚves avec autisme en classe ordinaire :: que se passe-t-il en réalité ?
Cette recherche Ă©tudie lâintĂ©gration des enfants atteints dâautisme dans le cadre scolaire ordinaire. Cette intĂ©gration leur permet de bĂ©nĂ©ficier de nombreux avantages que ce soit au niveau des interactions sociales et des apprentissages dans de multiples activitĂ©s. Mais câest Ă©galement mettre un enfant atteint dâautisme dans un environnement empli de stimulations et Ă lâintĂ©rieur duquel il aura de la difficultĂ© Ă prendre les informations, Ă les traiter, Ă dĂ©coder des regards et Ă comprendre les rĂšgles de la communautĂ©. Au travers de ce travail, je cherche Ă savoir si le cadre que lâon offre, actuellement, aux Ă©lĂšves atteints dâautisme rĂ©pond Ă leurs besoins (amĂ©nagements, soutiens, formations des enseignants ordinaires). Pour y parvenir jâai effectuĂ© des observations de deux pĂ©riodes de 45 minutes dans chacune des trois classes cibles et trois entretiens dâune trentaine de minutes avec chaque enseignante pour pouvoir les analyser. Ces trois classes proviennent de lâensemble du canton de NeuchĂątel, reprĂ©sentant chacune un cycle diffĂ©rent (1, 2 et 3) et accueillant un Ă©lĂšve atteint dâautisme. AprĂšs le remplissage des grilles dâobservation en fonction dâitems (amĂ©nagements, interactions) et de lâenregistrement de mes entretiens par rapport Ă divers thĂšmes (reprĂ©sentation de lâintĂ©gration, les pratiques et partenaires externes), jâai pu analyser ces rĂ©sultats. Lâanalyse consiste en une comparaison entre les diffĂ©rentes enseignantes et le cadre thĂ©orique qui mâa, ensuite, permis de prendre position quant Ă lâintĂ©gration des enfants atteints dâautisme
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